Performance Analysis of RPL Protocols in LLN Network Using Friedman’s Test

Abstract

This paper provides a comparison study of the quality services of RPL protocols in low-power and lossy networks (LLN). We evaluate and compare our proposed protocol which is an extension of RPL based on Operator Calculus (OC), called RPL-OC, with the standard and other RPL variants. OC based approach is applied to extract the feasible end-to-end paths while assigning a rank to each one. The goal is to provide a tuple that containing the most efficient paths in end-to-end manner by considering more network metrics instead of one. Further, to address some significant issues of the performance analysis, a statistical test has been performed in order to determine whether the proposed protocol outperforms others or not by using Friedman test. The results show that there is a strong indication that four different protocols were analyzed and compared. It reveals that the proposed scheme outperforms others, especially in terms of end-to-end delay and energy consumption which allow ensuring quality of services requirements for Internet of Things (IoT) or smart city applications.

Index Terms—RPL, Routing, LLN, IoT, Friedman Test.

This paper has been already accepted on the Symposium on Solutions for Smart Cities Challenges 2020 (SSCC 2020) in conjunction with The Seventh International Conference on Internet of Things: Systems, Management and Security (IoTSMS 2020), Paris, France, December 14-16, 2020. Accepted papers will appear in the IoTSMS Proceeding and to be submitted to IEEE Xplore for inclusion. And in addition, this paper is one of the Workshops Best Paper Nominees. However, due to pandemic Covid-19, the conference is transformed into an online virtual conference.

 

Screenshot of Workshops Best Paper Nominees (Taken from the Opening Slides of keynote speaker)

Screenshot from the virtual conference.

Colmar, 16 December 2020

Protokol Routing RPL

Internet of Things (IoT) bukan lagi sebagai fantasi sains-fiksi.  Dengan kemajuan teknologi yang sangat pesat memungkinkan terhubungnya semua objek sehari-hari ke Internet. Namun, diperlukan sebuah solusi yang interoperabel untuk memastikan optimal komunikasi antar  objek-objek tersebut. Protokol routing adalah salah satu elemen kunci pada IoT. Karena protokol routing memungkinkan setiap objek menentukan bagaimana mencapai objek lain. Beberapa kendala pada protokol routing antara lain  saluran komunikasi yang tidak stabil dan energi daya rendah yang harus diperhitungkan dalam pengembangan protokol routing yang sesuai untuk IoT.  Pada artikel kali ini, saya akan menyajikan sekilas tentang protokol RPL yang dirancang khusus untuk  jaringan berdaya rendah dan lossy (Low-power and Lossy Network disingkat LLN).

NS-2 : Tcl Script for Antnet Project

This is my tcl script for simulating Antnet routing protocol in wired network running on ns-2.34 using 14 nodes.

Energy Consumption Analysis of AODV-UI Hybrid Routing Protocol under Various Mobility Models

This is our first draft joint research paper that we submitted to Networking 2012, The International Conference on Networking. This joint research is involved 2 universities, Universitas Indonesia and Universite de Haute Alsace-France. We hope that this paper could represent both universities in the conference.

Abstract – Mobile ad hoc networks (Manets) are characterized by mobile with portable and limited power sources. For more than one decade, Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol becomes attention and research focus on MANET widely. A lot of protocols proposed to improve and optimize AODV performance. Yet, many of those do not consider the needs of node accessing Internet via infrastructure network. In this paper, we proposed a optimize hybrid routing protocol based on AODV routing protocol, called AODV-UI. Our proposed protocol combines two mechanism such as gateway mode and reverse route mechanism with the aim to improve the performance of the hybrid protocol. We performed some evaluation of energy consumption calculation in our proposed hybrid protocol under various mobility models. We used random waypoint mobility models and reference point group mobility models with different speed and different number of source node to evaluate our protocol. The simulation result shows that our proposed protocol performance is lower in terms of energy consumption for random waypoint movement compare to the reference point group mobility model.

Keywords: Energy, gateway mode, mobility model, reverse route mechanism.

Autonomic Computing

About a week ago, my friend who take a double degree at UHA-France discussed about how to optimizing and securing AODV routing protocol. His Prof asked him to try ‘autonomic computing’. It’s sound like new to my ears. So, I’m trying to find out what is all about automatic computing?. Here is some of information about it. Let’s take a look.

Autonomic Computing refers to the self-managing characteristics of distributed computing resources, adapting to unpredictable changes whilst hiding intrinsic complexity to operators and users. Started by IBM in 2001, this initiative’s ultimate aim is to develop computer systems capable of self-management, to overcome the rapidly growing complexity of computing systems management, and to reduce the barrier that complexity poses to further growth. An autonomic system makes decisions on its own, using high-level policies; it will constantly check and optimize its status and automatically adapt itself to changing conditions. As widely reported in literature, an autonomic computing framework might be seen composed by Autonomic Components (AC) interacting with each other [1]. An AC can be modeled in terms of two main control loops (local and global) with sensors (for self-monitoring), effectors (for self-adjustment), knowledge and planner/adapter for exploiting policies based on self- and environment awareness.

Driven by such vision, a variety of architectural frameworks based on “self-regulating” autonomic components has been recently proposed. A very similar trend has recently characterized significant research work in the area of multi-agent systems. However, most of these approaches are typically conceived with centralized or cluster-based server architectures in mind and mostly address the need of reducing management costs rather than the need of enabling complex software systems or providing innovative services.

Autonomy-oriented computation is a paradigm proposed by Jiming Liu in 2001 that uses artificial systems imitating social animals‘ collective behaviours to solve hard computational problems. For example, ant colony optimization could be studied in this paradigm.^[1]

Methods and Tools

Above is part of my survey of Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocols classification by methods and tools.

AODV-UI

For my reseach project this semester, I tried to combine 2 protocols, AODV+ and R-AODV in NS-2.34. We called it AODV-UI. My goals is to combine gateway mode and reverse mode in route discovery mechanisme, so we’ve got a new variant AODV. Here the source code of AODV-UI. FYI, this aodv routing protocol is still in developing. And we’re working on it.

TCL Script for My NS-2 Project

This is my simple tcl script for our project research by using NS-2.34. In this project, we are going to combine 2 protocols, AODV+ and R-AODV,  our proposed protocol called AODV-UI.

Here is the tcl script.

Combining 2 Routing Protocols AODV

I’m trying to combine 2 protocols in ns-2. The protocols are r-aodv and aodv+. The goals is to get a new variant of routing protocol aodv that support for interconnection between mobile ad hoc network and node in infrastructure or Internet with link management failure. Protocol aodv+ provide gateway module and r-aodv provide reverse module for route management.

We need to modified some files, such as :

• aodv.cc
• aodv.h
• aodv_packet.cc
• aodv_packet.h
• aodv_rtable.cc
• aodv_rtable.h
• cmu_trace.cc
• ns-default.tcl